Master Essential Linux Commands: A Comprehensive Guide

Linux is a powerful and versatile operating system that is widely used in the world of technology. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced user, having a good understanding of the essential Linux commands is crucial for navigating and managing your system effectively. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the most common Linux commands and their functionalities, providing you with the knowledge and skills to become a proficient Linux user.

Introduction

In this section, we will provide an overview of Linux and its command-line interface (CLI). We will discuss the benefits of using the CLI, its basic structure, and how to access it on different Linux distributions. This introduction will set the foundation for understanding and using the essential Linux commands covered in this guide.

1. ls

The ‘ls’ command is one of the most frequently used commands in Linux. It allows you to list the files and directories in a specified location. By default, it displays the contents of the current directory. However, you can also use it to list the contents of a specific directory by providing the directory path as an argument. The ‘ls’ command provides various options to customize the output, such as sorting by size or modification time, displaying hidden files, and showing file permissions.

For example, to list all files and directories in the current directory, you can simply type ‘ls’ in the terminal. To list the contents of a specific directory, you can use the command ‘ls /path/to/directory’. The ‘ls’ command is a fundamental tool for navigating and exploring the file system in Linux.

2. cd

The ‘cd’ command is used to change the current working directory in Linux. It allows you to navigate through the file system and access different directories. By default, when you open a terminal, your current working directory is your home directory. The ‘cd’ command takes a directory path as an argument and changes the current working directory to the specified location.

For example, to change the current working directory to the ‘Documents’ directory in your home directory, you can use the command ‘cd ~/Documents’. The ‘cd’ command is essential for moving around the file system and accessing different directories in Linux.

3. pwd

The ‘pwd’ command stands for “print working directory”. It is used to display the absolute path of the current working directory. This command is particularly useful when you need to know the exact location of a file or directory in the file system.

For example, if you are currently in the ‘Documents’ directory and you want to know its absolute path, you can simply type ‘pwd’ in the terminal. The ‘pwd’ command will display the full path, such as ‘/home/user/Documents’. The ‘pwd’ command is a handy tool for keeping track of your current location in the file system.

4. mkdir

The ‘mkdir’ command is used to create new directories in Linux. It allows you to specify the name and location of the directory you want to create. By default, the new directory is created in the current working directory, but you can also provide a full path to create the directory in a specific location.

For example, to create a new directory named ‘photos’ in the current working directory, you can use the command ‘mkdir photos’. To create the directory in a different location, you can use the command ‘mkdir /path/to/directory/photos’. The ‘mkdir’ command is essential for organizing your files and creating a structured file system.

5. rm

The ‘rm’ command is used to remove files and directories in Linux. It allows you to delete one or more files or directories at once. By default, the ‘rm’ command does not prompt for confirmation, so it is important to use it with caution to avoid accidental deletion of important files.

For example, to remove a file named ‘example.txt’ in the current working directory, you can use the command ‘rm example.txt’. To remove a directory and its contents, you can use the command ‘rm -r directory’. The ‘rm’ command is a powerful tool for managing your files and freeing up disk space.

6. cp

The ‘cp’ command is used to copy files and directories in Linux. It allows you to create a duplicate of a file or directory in a specified location. By default, the ‘cp’ command creates a new file or directory with the same name as the original in the destination location. However, you can also provide a different name to the copied file or directory.

For example, to copy a file named ‘example.txt’ from the current working directory to the ‘Documents’ directory, you can use the command ‘cp example.txt ~/Documents’. To copy a directory and its contents, you can use the command ‘cp -r directory ~/Documents’. The ‘cp’ command is essential for creating backups and duplicating files and directories.

7. mv

The ‘mv’ command is used to move or rename files and directories in Linux. It allows you to change the location or name of a file or directory. By default, the ‘mv’ command moves the file or directory to the specified location or renames it to the specified name. However, you can also use it to move a file or directory to a different location and give it a new name at the same time.

For example, to move a file named ‘example.txt’ from the current working directory to the ‘Documents’ directory, you can use the command ‘mv example.txt ~/Documents’. To rename a file, you can use the command ‘mv oldname.txt newname.txt’. The ‘mv’ command is a versatile tool for managing your files and organizing your file system.

8. touch

The ‘touch’ command is used to create new empty files or update the timestamp of existing files in Linux. It allows you to specify the name and location of the file you want to create or update. By default, the ‘touch’ command creates a new file in the current working directory, but you can also provide a full path to create the file in a specific location.

For example, to create a new file named ‘example.txt’ in the current working directory, you can use the command ‘touch example.txt’. To update the timestamp of an existing file, you can use the command ‘touch existingfile.txt’. The ‘touch’ command is a handy tool for creating placeholder files and updating file timestamps.

9. cat

The ‘cat’ command is used to display the contents of one or more files in Linux. It allows you to view the text content of a file directly in the terminal. By default, the ‘cat’ command displays the entire contents of a file. However, you can also use it to display specific lines or sections of a file by providing additional options.

For example, to display the contents of a file named ‘example.txt’, you can use the command ‘cat example.txt’. To display the first 10 lines of a file, you can use the command ‘cat example.txt | head -n 10’. The ‘cat’ command is a useful tool for quickly viewing the contents of text files.

10. grep

The ‘grep’ command is used to search for specific patterns or words in one or more files in Linux. It allows you to filter the contents of a file and display only the lines that match the specified pattern. The ‘grep’ command supports regular expressions, which provide powerful search capabilities.

For example, to search for the word ‘linux’ in a file named ‘example.txt’, you can use the command ‘grep linux example.txt’. To search for a pattern that matches a specific regular expression, you can use the command ‘grep ‘pattern’ example.txt’. The ‘grep’ command is a valuable tool for finding information and extracting data from files.

11. find

The ‘find’ command is used to search for files and directories in a specified location in Linux. It allows you to locate files based on various criteria, such as name, size, type, and modification time. The ‘find’ command can search recursively through subdirectories, making it a powerful tool for finding files in complex directory structures.

For example, to find all files with the extension ‘.txt’ in the current working directory and its subdirectories, you can use the command ‘find . -name ‘*.txt”. To find files larger than a certain size, you can use the command ‘find . -size +1M’. The ‘find’ command is an essential tool for managing and organizing your files.

12. chmod

The ‘chmod’ command is used to change the permissions of files and directories in Linux. It allows you to control who can read, write, and execute a file or directory. The ‘chmod’ command uses a numeric or symbolic representation to specify the permissions.

For example, to give read, write, and execute permissions to the owner of a file named ‘example.txt’, you can use the command ‘chmod u+rwx example.txt’. To remove write permissions from the group and others, you can use the command ‘chmod go-w example.txt’. The ‘chmod’ command is essential for managing the security and access control of your files and directories.

13. chown

The ‘chown’ command is used to change the owner and group of files and directories in Linux. It allows you to transfer ownership of a file or directory to a different user or group. The ‘chown’ command uses a numeric or symbolic representation to specify the new owner and group.

For example, to change the owner of a file named ‘example.txt’ to a user named ‘newuser’, you can use the command ‘chown newuser example.txt’. To change the group of a file to a group named ‘newgroup’, you can use the command ‘chown :newgroup example.txt’. The ‘chown’ command is a powerful tool for managing the ownership and permissions of your files and directories.

14. chgrp

The ‘chgrp’ command is used to change the group of files and directories in Linux. It allows you to transfer ownership of a file or directory to a different group. The ‘chgrp’ command uses a numeric or symbolic representation to specify the new group.

For example, to change the group of a file named ‘example.txt’ to a group named ‘newgroup’, you can use the command ‘chgrp newgroup example.txt’. The ‘chgrp’ command is a useful tool for managing the group ownership of your files and directories.

15. tar

The ‘tar’ command is used to create and extract tar archives in Linux. It allows you to combine multiple files and directories into a single archive file, which can be compressed for efficient storage and transportation. The ‘tar’ command supports various compression algorithms, such as gzip and bzip2.

For example, to create a tar archive of a directory named ‘myfiles’, you can use the command ‘tar -cvf archive.tar myfiles’. To extract the contents of a tar archive, you can use the command ‘tar -xvf archive.tar’. The ‘tar’ command is a versatile tool for archiving and compressing files and directories.

16. gzip

The ‘gzip’ command is used to compress files in Linux. It allows you to reduce the size of a file by compressing its contents using the gzip compression algorithm. Compressed files have the extension ‘.gz’ and can be decompressed using the ‘gunzip’ command.

For example, to compress a file named ‘example.txt’, you can use the command ‘gzip example.txt’. The compressed file will be named ‘example.txt.gz’. To decompress a compressed file, you can use the command ‘gunzip example.txt.gz’. The ‘gzip’ command is a useful tool for reducing file sizes and saving disk space.

17. unzip

The ‘unzip’ command is used to extract files from zip archives in Linux. It allows you to decompress and extract the contents of a zip archive into a specified directory. The ‘unzip’ command supports various options to customize the extraction process.

For example, to extract the contents of a zip archive named ‘archive.zip’ into the current working directory, you can use the command ‘unzip archive.zip’. To extract the contents into a different directory, you can use the command ‘unzip archive.zip -d /path/to/directory’. The ‘unzip’ command is a convenient tool for working with zip archives in Linux.

18. ssh

The ‘ssh’ command is used to establish secure shell (SSH) connections to remote servers in Linux. It allows you to log in to a remote server and execute commands as if you were sitting in front of it. The ‘ssh’ command uses encryption to protect the communication between the local and remote systems.

For example, to connect to a remote server with the IP address ‘192.168.0.1’ using the username ‘user’, you can use the command ‘ssh user@192.168.0.1’. You will be prompted to enter the password for the remote user. The ‘ssh’ command is an essential tool for remote administration and secure file transfer in Linux.

19. scp

The ‘scp’ command is used to securely copy files between local and remote systems in Linux. It allows you to transfer files over SSH connections, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of the data. The ‘scp’ command supports both copying files from the local system to a remote system and vice versa.

For example, to copy a file named ‘example.txt’ from the local system to a remote server with the IP address ‘192.168.0.1’ and the username ‘user’, you can use the command ‘scp example.txt user@192.168.0.1:’. To copy a file from a remote system to the local system, you can reverse the source and destination arguments. The ‘scp’ command is a reliable tool for secure file transfer in Linux.

20. ping

The ‘ping’ command is used to test the reachability and round-trip time of a network host in Linux. It allows you to send ICMP echo request packets to a specified IP address or domain name and receive ICMP echo reply packets in response. The ‘ping’ command is commonly used to check the connectivity and latency of network connections.

For example, to ping a host with the IP address ‘192.168.0.1’, you can use the command ‘ping 192.168.0.1’. The ‘ping’ command will continuously send echo request packets and display the round-trip time for each reply. You can stop the command by pressing Ctrl+C. The ‘ping’ command is a valuable tool for network troubleshooting and monitoring in Linux.

21. ifconfig

The ‘ifconfig’ command is used to configure and display the network interfaces in Linux. It allows you to view the IP addresses, network masks, and other network configuration parameters of your system’s network interfaces. The ‘ifconfig’ command is commonly used for network troubleshooting and administration.

For example, to display the network configuration of all network interfaces, you can use the command ‘ifconfig’. To configure a specific network interface with a new IP address, you can use the command ‘ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0’. The ‘ifconfig’ command is an essential tool for managing and troubleshooting network connections in Linux.

22. netstat

The ‘netstat’ command is used to display network statistics and active network connections in Linux. It allows you to view information about open ports, listening services, established connections, and network routing tables. The ‘netstat’ command is commonly used for network monitoring and troubleshooting.

For example, to display all active network connections, you can use the command ‘netstat -a’. To display listening services and their associated ports, you can use the command ‘netstat -l’. The ‘netstat’ command provides a wealth of information about the network activity on your system.

23. ps

The ‘ps’ command is used to display information about running processes in Linux. It allows you to view the process ID (PID), CPU and memory usage, parent process ID (PPID), and other details of the processes running on your system. The ‘ps’ command is commonly used for process monitoring and management.

For example, to display information about all running processes, you can use the command ‘ps -ef’. To display a specific process and its child processes, you can use the command ‘ps -e –forest’. The ‘ps’ command provides valuable insights into the performance and behavior of processes in Linux.

24. top

The ‘top’ command is used to monitor the real-time performance of the system and running processes in Linux. It provides a dynamic view of the CPU usage, memory usage, and other system metrics. The ‘top’ command is commonly used for system monitoring and troubleshooting.

For example, when you run the ‘top’ command, it displays a continuously updated list of processes sorted by their CPU usage. You can press ‘q’ to exit the command. The ‘top’ command provides a comprehensive overview of the system’s performance and resource utilization.

25. kill

The ‘kill’ command is used to terminate running processes in Linux. It allows you to send a signal to a process, instructing it to exit gracefully or forcefully. The ‘kill’ command uses the process ID (PID) to identify the target process.

For example, to terminate a process with a specific PID, you can use the command ‘kill PID’. By default, the ‘kill’ command sends the SIGTERM signal, which allows the process to clean up and exit gracefully. To forcefully terminate a process, you can use the command ‘kill -9 PID’, where ‘-9’ represents the SIGKILL signal. The ‘kill’ command is a powerful tool for managing and controlling processes in Linux.

26. man

The ‘man’ command is used to display the manual pages of other commands in Linux. It allows you to access detailed documentation and usage instructions for various commands and utilities. The ‘man’ command provides a comprehensive reference for the Linux command-line interface.

For example, to display the manual page for the ‘ls’ command, you can use the command ‘man ls’. The ‘man’ command opens a pager program that allows you to navigate through the manual pages using the arrow keys and other navigation keys. The ‘man’ command is an invaluable resource for learning about the functionality and usage of Linux commands.

27. history

The ‘history’ command is used to display the command history of the current user in Linux. It allows you to view a list of previously executed commands, along with their command numbers. The ‘history’ command is commonly used for recalling and reusing commands.

For example, to display the command history, you can simply type ‘history’ in the terminal. The ‘history’ command will show a numbered list of commands, starting from the most recent. You can use the ‘!’ followed by the command number to execute a specific command from the history. The ‘history’ command is a convenient tool for accessing and reusing previously executed commands.

28. clear

The ‘clear’ command is used to clear the terminal screen in Linux. It allows you to remove all previous output from the terminal, providing a clean and empty workspace. The ‘clear’ command is commonly used for improving readability and organizing the terminal environment.

For example, to clear the terminal screen, you can simply type ‘clear’ in the terminal. The ‘clear’ command will remove all previous output, including command history and scrollback buffer. The ‘clear’ command is a simple yet effective tool for maintaining a clutter-free terminal environment.

29. sudo

The ‘sudo’ command is used to execute commands with administrative privileges in Linux. It allows you to run commands as the superuser or another user with elevated privileges. The ‘sudo’ command requires authentication, usually by entering the password of the current user.

For example, to install a package using the ‘apt-get’ command with administrative privileges, you can use the command ‘sudo apt-get install package’. The ‘sudo’ command will prompt you to enter the password of the current user. The ‘sudo’ command is an essential tool for performing administrative tasks and managing system configurations in Linux.

30. su

The ‘su’ command is used to switch to a different user in Linux. It allows you to assume the identity and privileges of another user, typically the superuser. The ‘su’ command requires authentication, usually by entering the password of the target user.

For example, to switch to the superuser account, you can use the command ‘su’. The ‘su’ command will prompt you to enter the password of the superuser. To switch to a different user, you can use the command ‘su username’. The ‘su’ command is a powerful tool for performing administrative tasks and managing user accounts in Linux.

31. apt-get

The ‘apt-get’ command is used to manage software packages in Debian-based Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu. It allows you to install, upgrade, and remove packages from the system. The ‘apt-get’ command retrieves packages from software repositories and handles dependencies automatically.

For example, to install a package named ‘package’ using the ‘apt-get’ command, you can use the command ‘sudo apt-get install package’. To upgrade all installed packages, you can use the command ‘sudo apt-get upgrade’. The ‘apt-get’ command is a convenient tool for managing software packages in Debian-based Linux distributions.

32. yum

The ‘yum’ command is used to manage software packages in Red Hat-based Linux distributions, such as CentOS and Fedora. It allows you to install, upgrade, and remove packages from the system. The ‘yum’ command retrieves packages from software repositories and handles dependencies automatically.

For example, to install a package named ‘package’ using the ‘yum’ command, you can use the command ‘sudo yum install package’. To upgrade all installed packages, you can use the command ‘sudo yum update’. The ‘yum’ command is a powerful tool for managing software packages in Red Hat-based Linux distributions.

33. systemctl

The ‘systemctl’ command is used to manage system services in Linux. It allows you to start, stop, restart, enable, and disable services. The ‘systemctl’ command is commonly used for managing daemons and controlling the behavior of the system.

For example, to start a service named ‘service’, you can use the command ‘sudo systemctl start service’. To enable a service to start automatically at boot, you can use the command ‘sudo systemctl enable service’. The ‘systemctl’ command provides a centralized and standardized way of managing services in Linux.

34. service

The ‘service’ command is used to manage system services in Linux. It allows you to start, stop, restart, and check the status of services. The ‘service’ command is commonly used for managing daemons and controlling the behavior of the system.

For example, to start a service named ‘service’, you can use the command ‘sudo service service start’. To check the status of a service, you can use the command ‘sudo service service status’. The ‘service’ command provides a convenient way of managing services in Linux.

35. df

The ‘df’ command is used to display information about disk space usage in Linux. It allows you to view the total, used, and available disk space on different file systems. The ‘df’ command is commonly used for monitoring disk usage and identifying storage issues.

For example, to display disk space usage for all mounted file systems, you can use the command ‘df -h’. The ‘-h’ option displays the sizes in a human-readable format. The ‘df’ command provides a quick overview of the disk space utilization on your system.

36. du

The ‘du’ command is used to estimate file and directory space usage in Linux. It allows you to view the size of individual files and directories, as well as the total size of a directory and its subdirectories. The ‘du’ command is commonly used for monitoring disk usage and identifying space-consuming files.

For example, to display the size of a file named ‘example.txt’, you can use the command ‘du -h example.txt’. To display the total size of a directory and its subdirectories, you can use the command ‘du -sh directory’. The ‘du’ command provides detailed information about the space usage of files and directories.

37. mount

The ‘mount’ command is used to mount file systems in Linux. It allows you to attach a file system to a specified directory, making its contents accessible. The ‘mount’ command is commonly used for mounting removable storage devices, network shares, and other file systems.

For example, to mount a USB drive with the device name ‘/dev/sdb1’ to a directory named ‘/mnt/usb’, you can use the command ‘sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb’. To unmount a mounted file system, you can use the command ‘sudo umount /mnt/usb’. The ‘mount’ command is an essential tool for managing file systems in Linux.

38. umount

The ‘umount’ command is used to unmount file systems in Linux. It allows you to detach a mounted file system from its mount point, making its contents inaccessible. The ‘umount’ command is commonly used for unmounting removable storage devices, network shares, and other file systems.

For example, to unmount a file system mounted at a directory named ‘/mnt/usb’, you can use the command ‘sudo umount /mnt/usb’. The ‘umount’ command is a crucial tool for safely detaching file systems in Linux.

39. locate

The ‘locate’ command is used to find files and directories by name in Linux. It allows you to search for files and directories based on a specified pattern. The ‘locate’ command uses a pre-built database to quickly locate files, making it faster than other search methods.

For example, to search for files and directories that contain the word ‘example’ in their names, you can use the command ‘locate example’. The ‘locate’ command provides a fast and efficient way of finding files and directories in Linux.

40. which

The ‘which’ command is used to locate the executable file associated with a given command in Linux. It allows you to determine the full path of a command that is in the system’s search path. The ‘which’ command is commonly used for troubleshooting and identifying the location of commands.

For example, to find the location of the ‘ls’ command, you can use the command ‘which ls’. The ‘which’ command will display the full path of the ‘ls’ command, such as ‘/bin/ls’. The ‘which’ command is a handy tool for locating commands in Linux.

41. date

The ‘date’ command is used to display or set the system date and time in Linux. It allows you to view the current date and time, as well as modify them. The ‘date’ command supports various options to customize the output format.

For example, to display the current date and time, you can simply type ‘date’ in the terminal. To set the system date and time, you can use the command ‘sudo date -s “YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS”‘. The ‘date’ command is a useful tool for managing the system date and time in Linux.

42. cal

The ‘cal’ command is used to display a calendar in Linux. It allows you to view the calendar for a specific month or year. The ‘cal’ command supports various options to customize the output format.

For example, to display the calendar for the current month, you can use the command ‘cal’. To display the calendar for a specific month and year, you can use the command ‘cal MM YYYY’. The ‘cal’ command is a simple tool for viewing calendars in Linux.

43. whoami

The ‘whoami’ command is used to display the username of the current user in Linux. It allows you to quickly identify the user account you are currently logged in as. The ‘whoami’ command is commonly used for scripting and automation.

For example, to display the username of the current user, you can simply type ‘whoami’ in the terminal. The ‘whoami’ command will display the username, such as ‘user’. The ‘whoami’ command is a convenient tool for identifying the current user in Linux.

44. uname

The ‘uname’ command is used to display system information in Linux. It allows you to view details about the operating system, kernel version, and hardware architecture. The ‘uname’ command supports various options to customize the output.

For example, to display the operating system name and version, you can use the command ‘uname -a’. To display the kernel version, you can use the command ‘uname -r’. The ‘uname’ command provides valuable information about the system configuration in Linux.

45. echo

The ‘echo’ command is used to display text or variables in the terminal in Linux. It allows you to print messages or values to the standard output. The ‘echo’ command is commonly used for displaying information and generating output in scripts.

For example, to display a message, you can use the command ‘echo “Hello, World!”‘. To display the value of a variable, you can use the command ‘echo $variable’. The ‘echo’ command is a versatile tool for printing text and values in Linux.

46. head

The ‘head’ command is used to display the first few lines of a file in Linux. It allows you to view the beginning of a file without opening it in a text editor. The ‘head’ command supports various options to customize the output.

For example, to display the first 10 lines of a file named ‘example.txt’, you can use the command ‘head -n 10 example.txt’. The ‘head’ command is a useful tool for quickly inspecting the contents of a file in Linux.

47. tail

The ‘tail’ command is used to display the last few lines of a file in Linux. It allows you to view the end of a file without opening it in a text editor. The ‘tail’ command supports various options to customize the output.

For example, to display the last 10 lines of a file named ‘example.txt’, you can use the command ‘tail -n 10 example.txt’. The ‘tail’ command is a handy tool for monitoring log files and tracking changes in real-time.

48. sort

The ‘sort’ command is used to sort lines of text in Linux. It allows you to arrange the lines in ascending or descending order based on various criteria, such as alphabetical order, numerical order, or file size. The ‘sort’ command supports various options to customize the sorting behavior.

For example, to sort the lines of a file named ‘example.txt’ in alphabetical order, you can use the command ‘sort example.txt’. To sort the lines in reverse order, you can use the command ‘sort -r example.txt’. The ‘sort’ command is a versatile tool for organizing and analyzing text data in Linux.

49. wc

The ‘wc’ command is used to count the number of lines, words, and characters in a file or input stream in Linux. It allows you to obtain basic statistics about the content of a file. The ‘wc’ command supports various options to customize the output format.

For example, to count the number of lines, words, and characters in a file named ‘example.txt’, you can use the command ‘wc example.txt’. The ‘wc’ command is a simple yet powerful tool for analyzing text data in Linux.

50. cut

The ‘cut’ command is used to extract specific columns or fields from a file or input stream in Linux. It allows you to select and display only the desired portions of a line. The ‘cut’ command supports various options to specify the delimiter and the field positions.

For example, to extract the first and third columns from a file named ‘example.txt’, where the columns are separated by a space, you can use the command ‘cut -d ‘ ‘ -f 1,3 example.txt’. The ‘cut’ command is a handy tool for manipulating and extracting data from text files in Linux.

In conclusion, mastering the essential Linux commands is crucial for effectively navigating and managing your system. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced user, having a good understanding of these commands will greatly enhance your productivity and efficiency. By familiarizing yourself with the commands covered in this comprehensive guide, you will gain the knowledge and skills to become a proficient Linux user.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the most common Linux commands?

The most common Linux commands include ‘ls’, ‘cd’, ‘pwd’, ‘mkdir’, ‘rm’, ‘cp’, ‘mv’, ‘touch’, ‘cat’, ‘grep’, ‘find’, ‘chmod’, ‘chown’, ‘chgrp’, ‘tar’, ‘gzip’, ‘unzip’, ‘ssh’, ‘scp’, ‘ping’, ‘ifconfig’, ‘netstat’, ‘ps’, ‘top’, ‘kill’, ‘man’, ‘history’, ‘clear’, ‘sudo’, ‘su’, ‘apt-get’, ‘yum’, ‘systemctl’, ‘service’, ‘df’, ‘du’, ‘mount’, ‘umount’, ‘locate’, ‘which’, ‘date’, ‘cal’, ‘whoami’, ‘uname’, ‘echo’, ‘head’, ‘tail’, ‘sort’, ‘wc’, and ‘cut’.

2. How can I learn more about these Linux commands?

You can learn more about these Linux commands by referring to their respective manual pages using the ‘man’ command. The manual pages provide detailed documentation and usage instructions for each command. Additionally, there are numerous online resources, tutorials, and books available that cover these commands in depth.

3. Are these Linux commands available on all distributions?

Yes, these Linux commands are available on most Linux distributions. However, there may be slight variations in the command syntax or options between different distributions. It is always recommended to consult the documentation or manual pages specific to your distribution for accurate information.